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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ASSERT YOURSELF! ASSERT YOURSELF! Module Nine How to Give and Receive Compliments Assertively Compliments 2 Accepting Compliments 2 How do you cope with receiving compliments? 2 Passive responses to accepting compliments 3 Aggressive responses to accepting compliments 3 Assertive responses to accepting compliments 3 Unhelpful thoughts and accepting compliments 4 More assertive thinking for accepting compliments 4 Steps for accepting compliments 5 Giving compliments 6 Steps for giving compliments 6 Module Summary 8 About this module 9 This information provided in this document is for information purposes only. Please refer to the full disclaimer and copyright statements available at www.cci.health.gov.au regarding the information on this website before making use of such information. Module 9: How to Give and Receive Compliments Assertively Page 1 • Psychotherapy • Research • Training CCI entre for linical nterventions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ASSERT YOURSELF! Compliments Being able to give and accept compliments is another assertiveness skill and one which is important in conversations and for building relationships and self esteem. As with all the skills we have looked at in this series of modules there is often some unhelpful thinking which stops us from being able to accept or give compliments. Or we may lack the skills needed to help us with this skill. This module will help you identify and unhelpful thoughts you have about compliments and also show you the steps to take to improve the way in which you accept and give compliments. Accepting Compliments Some people find it extremely difficult to accept compliments. Understandably there are times when it may feel uncomfortable; however, being able to accept other people's positive comments about our appearance, our work or some other aspect of ourselves is an important assertiveness and social skill. How do you Cope with Receiving Compliments? There are a number of unassertive ways of responding to receiving compliments. These include: • Ignoring the compliment and changing the topic. • Disagreeing with the compliment or some part of the compliment. For example: "really, I don't like the colour of the dress at all." • Dismissing or deflecting the compliment. For example "oh, this old thing, it's nothing special." • Being sarcastic. For example "Yeah right, it's just gorgeous isn't it?" • Nervous laughing or smiling • Self-criticism Take a minute and think of the last time you were complimented. See if you can remember how you reacted. Write this down. Module 9: How to Give and Receive Compliments Assertively Page 2 • Psychotherapy • Research • Training CCI entre for linical nterventions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ASSERT YOURSELF! Situation when complimented: ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ What I did: ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Do you think your response was passive, assertive or aggressive? Read the descriptions below and see if you were right. Passive Responses to Being Complimented If you respond passively to being complimented you are likely to either ignore the compliment completely, or deflect or minimise the praise. You may feel very nervous and awkward and don't know how to respond at all. This can result in the other person also feeling awkward. You may then leave the social situation feeling embarrassed and your self esteem may suffer. Aggressive Responses to Being Complimented If you respond aggressively to being complimented you may become annoyed, angry or defensive, or disagree and respond sarcastically to the compliment. As with the passive response this may result in the other person feeling awkward. Assertive Responses to Being Complimented If you respond assertively you are able to accept the compliment in a positive way. The other person will not feel awkward and the interaction results in both of you feeling better about yourselves: you for accepting the compliment well and the other person for being Module 9: How to Give and Receive Compliments Assertively Page 3 • Psychotherapy • Research • Training CCI entre for linical nterventions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ASSERT YOURSELF! able to provide some positive feedback. When we can learn how to embrace positive feedback and accept compliments graciously, we open up the door for more positive thoughts and interactions, and we can actually start to BELIEVE them. Then, when we hear our old patterns of self criticism, we can intentionally choose to believe the compliments we've been receiving instead. Unhelpful thoughts associated with being complimented As with the other behaviours we have looked at there are a number of unhelpful thoughts associated with not dealing well with compliments. Some of these are listed below. • They don't really mean it. They are just trying to be nice. • They are being smarmy. • They must want something from me. • If I accept a compliment it means I am being big-headed. • If I accept a compliment they may think I am vain. • It's too embarrassing to say something back. Can you identify any other unhelpful thoughts that may stop you from responding to compliments assertively? List them below. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Responding Assertively to Compliments: More Helpful Thinking Here are some more helpful and assertive thoughts to challenge any unhelpful thoughts you may have. Remember you can also use Thought Diaries and Behavioural Experiments (see Module 3) to help you come up with more helpful and assertive thoughts. Module 9: How to Give and Receive Compliments Assertively Page 4 • Psychotherapy • Research • Training CCI entre for linical nterventions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ASSERT YOURSELF! • The compliment may be genuine. • Even if they are just trying to be nice that is still a positive thing and I can reply appropriately. • If I don't accept the compliment I may make the other person feel awkward. • Accepting the compliment may make the other person feel better too. • Accepting a compliment gracefully doesn't mean I have to agree with it completely. • If I start believing some compliments I may not feel so bad about myself. • Accepting a compliment does not mean that I am going to become big-headed. If that were the case I would already be complimenting myself! • People give compliments for a variety of reasons. Don't waste a lot of time wondering why someone gave you a compliment. Just appreciate the fact that someone took the time to say something nice to you! • You are just as entitled to receive a compliment as anyone else. See if you can think of any other assertive thoughts about accepting compliments. If you have discovered some unhelpful thoughts write down some more helpful thoughts to challenge these. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Steps to responding to Compliments Assertively 1. Look at the other person. Sit or stand up straight. If you shrink back or don't look at the person it may seem as if you don't like them or don't believe them. 2. Listen to what he or she is saying. 3. Smile when receiving the compliment. A compliment is intended to make you feel good. If you frown or look down or away the other person may be confused or uncomfortable. 4. Don't interrupt. Module 9: How to Give and Receive Compliments Assertively Page 5 • Psychotherapy • Research • Training CCI entre for linical nterventions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ASSERT YOURSELF! 5. Say "Thanks," or something that shows you appreciate what was said. 6. Remember to accept the compliment without trying to take the subject off yourself or feeling like you have to pay them back. This will make you feel more confident and let you grow to like yourself better. Tips for Responding Assertively to Compliments • As with all the skills you have been learning this one may require some practice. Try these steps in front of a mirror. Imagine someone says something nice, then say "Thank you. That means a lot to me." • Don't change the topic without acknowledging the compliment. • It's often good to use the compliment to further conversation. "Thanks! I found it in on eBay - it's amazing what you can get there." That way you've accepted the compliment and moved on to something about which you can both talk. How to Give Compliments It is also important to learn how to give compliments. Giving compliments is a way of showing that you have noticed and appreciated something about the person or the situation. People like being around others who are friendly and open. It also shows that you have the confidence to say what you really think, which as you remember is one of the cornerstones of being assertive. Give someone a compliment today! Steps for Giving Compliments • Think of the exact words you want to use before you give the compliment. It will make you feel more confident and you'll be less likely to fumble around for words. • Be specific about the compliment. "That necklace looks really good on you" makes a bigger impact compared to "you look really good today". The more specific the better, it makes the person feel like you have really noticed them. • Mean what you say. People can tell the difference between sincerity and phoniness. Module 9: How to Give and Receive Compliments Assertively Page 6 • Psychotherapy • Research • Training CCI entre for linical nterventions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ASSERT YOURSELF! • Don't overdo it. A couple of sentences will do. ("You did a good job at …" or "You really did well in ….") • Smile and be enthusiastic when you give compliments. It makes the other person feel that you really mean it. • Be appropriate: Consider the setting and your relationship with the person. Commenting on a colleague's new hair colour is fine, but mentioning it to your boss could be stepping out of bounds. • Ask a question with your compliment. If you want to use the compliment as a conversational starter, ask a question about the subject of your compliment; "that necklace looks really good on you. Where did you find it?" Think about a recent example when you admired something about someone (e.g., their clothing, the work they handed in, a generous act they did) and when you did NOT compliment them. What could you have said to this person? Why didn't you give them a compliment? Spend a moment and write down some thoughts. And then think about what you could have said to them. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Module 9: How to Give and Receive Compliments Assertively Page 7 • Psychotherapy • Research • Training CCI entre for linical nterventions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ASSERT YOURSELF! Module summary • It is an important assertiveness and social skill to be able to receive and give compliments. • As with the other assertiveness skills there can be some unhelpful thinking stopping us from being able to accept compliments graciously. This thinking can be challenged and changed. • It is also useful and friendly to be able to give compliments • We need to practice receiving and giving compliments regularly. This can impact positively on our self esteem and the self esteem of those around us. Coming up: The next module pulls all the assertiveness skills together and shows you how to start practising to become more assertive Module 9: How to Give and Receive Compliments Assertively Page 8 • Psychotherapy • Research • Training CCI entre for linical nterventions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ASSERT YOURSELF! ABOUT THIS MODULE CONTRIBUTORS Fiona Michel (MPsych1 PhD2). Dr Anthea Fursland (PhD2) Centre for Clinical Interventions Centre for Clinical Interventions 1Master of Psychology (Clinical Psychology) 2Doctor of Philosophy (Clinical Psychology) We would also like to thank Paula Nathan for her contribution to these modules BACKGROUND The concepts and strategies in the modules have been developed from evidence based psychological practice, primarily Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy (CBT). CBT is a type of psychotherapy that is based on the theory that unhelpful negative emotions and behaviours are strongly influenced by problematic cognitions (thoughts). This can be found in the following: Beck, A.T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B.F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive Therapy of Depression. New York:Guildford. Clark, D. M. (1986). A cognitive approach to panic. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 461-470. Clark, D. M. & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In R. Heimberg, M. Liebowitz, D.A. REFERENCES These are some of the professional references used to create this module: Alberti, R. & Emmons, M. (1974). Your Perfect Right. Impact, San Luis Obispo, California. Back, R & Back, K. (1986). Assertiveness at Work – A Practical guide to Handling Awkward Situations. McGraw Hill, London. Davis, M., Eshelman, E.R. & McKay, M. (2000). The Relaxation and Stress Reduction Workbook, Fourth Edition. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications Gambrill, E.D. & Richey, L.A. (1975). An assertion inventory for use in assessment and research. Behavior Therapy, 6, 550-561. Holland, S. & Ward, C. (1980). Assertiveness: A Practical Approach. Winslow Press, Bicester. Linehan, M. (1979). Structured cognitive-behavioural treatment of assertion problems. In Kendall & Hollon, Cognitive Behavioural Interventions (pp205-240). Academic Press. McKay, M & Fanning, P. (1995). Self esteem, third edition. St Martin's Paperbacks, California. Powell, T. (2000). The Mental Health Handbook (revised edition). Speechmark Publishing, Wesleyan University Press. Smith, M.J. (1975). When I Say No I Feel Guilty. Dial, New York. Wolpe, J. (1973). The Practice of Behavior Therapy. Pergamon Press, New York. "ASSERT YOURSELF" This module forms part of: Michel, F. (2008). Assert Yourself. Perth, Western Australia: Centre for Clinical Interventions. 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Trends in music, design, fashion, and technology are born here, and innovations that spread worldwide are invented here. Stockholm also has a rich history comprising exciting architecture, museums, the Royal Palace and the medieval urban core of Gamla Stan. Trendy bars and world-class restaurants are shoulder-to-shoulder with historic cafés and cozy neighborhood pubs. This is a city of modern galleries and exclusive department stores, as well as small boutiques and unique shops. Stages and arenas attract Swedish and international stars. Large and small events come one after the next. Stockholm is simultaneously urban and close to nature; water is an ever-present feature in this city where lake and sea meet. Parks and green areas abound, and the distinctive white archipelago boats travel to the islands all year long. The atmosphere is open and welcoming, and diversity and innovation are encouraged. Stockholm is a city for everyone. We hope you have a wonderful stay with us! 4–11 Museums, viewpoints and tours. The best tips for every age and interest. 12–14 Shopping guide to districts, boutiques, department stores and Swedish design. 15–20 Find your favorite in gourmet Stockholm. From neighborhood pubs to luxury restaurants. Discover Stockholm's nightlife. Chill bars, cool clubs and venues. Enjoy coffee and a treat at one of Stockholm's many lovely cafés or bakeries. 21–25 Discover Stockholm's beautiful archipelago and other excursions. 26–27 City of Events – Stockholm. 28–31 A guide to your Stockholm. The easiest way to travel to and around Stockholm. Stockholm Guide 2016 is produced by Meze Design for Visit Stockholm Box 16282 SE-103 25 Stockholm Phone +46 (0)8-508 28 500 visit@stockholm.se visitstockholm.com We reserve the right to any changes to the offerings and attractions that may be made after this publication goes to print. Contents Welcome to Stockholm! Where an urban pulse meets serenity. Find more Stockholm tips at visitstockholm.com Follow us on Facebook/Twitter/Instagram: @visitstockholm PHOTO: COVER, TOVE FREIIJ. PAGE 2, JENS ASSUR. PAGE 3, LUXDAGFORDAG.SE, TOVE FREIIJ, HENRIK TRYGG. @visitstockholm 4—Stockholm Guide We asked some of our dedicated and knowledgeable Facebook followers for their best Stockholm tips. Look for these tips in the guide! PHOTO: HENRIK TRYGG, TOVE FREIIJ. @visitstockholm No matter what you're looking for, Stockholm is a city of experiences. You'll find hikes, viewpoints, guided tours, world heritage sites, over one hundred museums and other activities. The following pages present a small selection of all there is to see and do, tips for discovering Stockholm in 48 hours, and fun activities for the whole family. Discover Stockholm 4—Stockholm Guide Discover Stockholm Stockholm Guide—5 DAY 1: Start your day at Strömkajen. The Royal Canal Tour departs from here by boat. This 50-minute tour will take you past the Vasa Museum, Waldemarsudde and numerous historic buildings in a beautiful setting. Continue to Old Town/Gamla Stan for a visit to the Royal Palace. Here, you can see the grand apartments, the Treasury with state regalia and the parade of soldiers. Strolling through the cozy neighborhood of Gamla Stan is a must for everyone who visits Stockholm. Take the chance to eat lunch or enjoy coffee and a treat at one of the cafés and restaurants here. Finish the day with a visit to City Hall, whose characteristic tower with three crowns is a Stockholm landmark. From here, you'll find a gorgeous view of the city. DAY 2: Take the tram, bus or ferry out to Djurgården to visit two of Stockholm's most popular sights. Start with Skansen, the world's oldest open-air museum. Here, you will find restaurants, cafés and cozy lunch spots. Just a short walk from Skansen is the Vasa Museum, the world's only preserved seventeenth century ship, which was salvaged and restored after resting on the sea floor for 333 years. The museum, which is the most visited in Scandinavia, is a unique experience. If you are interested in art, start the day by exploring one of the world's biggest modern photography collections at Fotografiska by Stadsgårdskajen. Enjoy an organic lunch at the museum's restaurant, which also offers an incredible view. Stroll along Skeppsbron in Gamla Stan, past the Royal Palace out to Skeppsholmen. Here you will find Moderna Museet, which has an impressive collection of modern and contemporary art with works by artists such as Picasso and Warhol. Stockholm in 48 hours 48 hours Boat Sightseeing Old Town/ Gamla Stan Royal Palace Stockholm City Hall Skansen Vasa Museum Fotografiska Moderna Museet visitstockholm.com Find more tips at visitstockholm.com 6—Stockholm Guide Stockholm Guide—7 OLD TOWN/GAMLA STAN One of the world's best-preserved medieval city centers. Meandering alleys lined with crooked buildings, craft shops and galleries can be found here. Have coffee and a treat on Stortorget; visit the Stockholm Cathedral where the Crown Princess and her husband were married in 2010, or just stroll around this cozy neighborhood. Don't miss Mårten Trotzigs Gränd, an alley so narrow that you can touch the walls of the buildings on either side. In recent years, several trendy restaurants and celebrity chef eateries have opened in the neighborhood. www.visitstockholm.com ROYAL PALACE Gamla Stan is home to the Royal Palace, which is one of Europe's biggest palaces. Here, you can see the grand apartments, the Treasury with state regalia, the Tre Kronor Museum, and Gustav III's Museum of Antiquities. The palace also houses the Royal Armoury, with royal costumes and weapons. You can also see the parade of soldiers and daily changing of the guard outside the palace. www.kungahuset.se www.livrustkammaren.se VASA MUSEUM Scandinavia's most popular museum and the world's only preserved seventeenth century ship is a unique treasure. It was salvaged after 333 years on the ocean floor and has been under restoration for nearly half a century. Over 95 percent of the ship is original. The museum also has several different exhibits about seventeenth century Sweden and life on board the ship. www.vasamuseet.se SKANSEN is the world's oldest openair museum, beautifully situated on Djurgården. See historic buildings from several areas of Sweden, and discover the history and geography of the entire country in one place. You will also find Nordic animals such as seals, bear, and moose. Skansen also offers lovely restaurants, cozy cafés, entertainment and traditional Swedish holidays such as Midsummer and Christmas. www.skansen.se STOCKHOLM CITY HALL With its characteristic tower topped with three golden crowns, City Hall is a Stockholm landmark. The famous Nobel Banquet is held here annually. Take a guided tour to learn more about the art, architecture and history. And the view from the top of the tower is fantastic. ABBA THE MUSEUM & SWEDISH MUSIC HALL OF FAME was an immediate success when the doors opened in spring 2013. Since then, over half a million visitors have discovered this musical and cultural treasure. This modern, interactive museum is a dream not only for ABBA fans, but for anyone who loves music and wants to know more about Swedish pop history. MILLESGÅRDEN The sculpture park with its terraces and fountains displays famous works by Carl Milles. In the Large Studio, you can see how the artist worked, and the art gallery features modern and contemporary art. Right next door is Anne's House, home of the Milles couple throughout the 1950s, with intact Svenskt Tenn decor. MODERNA MUSEET has one of Europe's foremost collections of modern and contemporary works by artists such as Dalí, Matisse, Derkert, and Picasso. The museum also offers highclass temporary exhibits. www.modernamuseet.se FOTOGRAFISKA One of the world's biggest spaces for modern photography. Swedish and international photographers are presented here, including new and established names. The museum also offers a fabulous restaurant with an evident organic focus and a bar with wonderful views of Gamla Stan, Djurgården and Skeppsholmen. www.fotografiska.eu BOAT SIGHTSEEING Stockholm rests on fourteen islands connected by fifty-seven bridges. Journeying from place to place on a sightseeing boat is a unique experience and a sight to see in and of itself. Boats depart from Nybrokajen, Strömkajen, the Vasa Museum, Skeppsholmen, Slussen and the Royal Palace. This is a book about instructing computers. Computers are about as common as screwdrivers today, but they are quite a bit more complex, and making them do what y On programming Besides explaining JavaScript, I will introduce the basic principles of programming. Programming, it turns out, is hard. The fundamental rules are simple and clear, but programs built on top of these rules tend to become complex enough to introduce their own rules and complexity. You're building your own maze, in a way, and you might just get lost in it. There will be times when reading this book feels terribly frustrating. If you are new to programming, there will be a lot of new material to digest. Much of this material will then be combined in ways that require you to make additional connections. It is up to you to make the necessary effort. When you are struggling to follow the book, do not jump to any conclusions about your own capabilities. You are fine—you just need to keep at it. Take a break, reread some material, and make sure you read and understand the example programs and exercises. Learning is hard work, but everything you learn is yours and will make subsequent learning easier. When action grows unprofitable, gather information; when information grows unprofitable, sleep. —Ursula K. Le Guin, The Left Hand of Darkness A program is many things. It is a piece of text typed by a programmer, it is the directing force that makes the computer do what it does, it is data in the computer's memory, yet it controls the actions performed on this same memory. Analogies that try to compare programs to objects we are familiar with tend to fall short. A superficially fitting one is that of a machine—lots of separate parts tend to be involved, and to make the whole thing tick, we have to consider the ways in which these parts interconnect and contribute to the operation of the whole. A computer is a physical machine that acts as a host for these immaterial machines. Computers themselves can do only stupidly straightforward things. The reason they are so useful is that they do these things at an incredibly high speed. A program can ingeniously combine an enormous number of these simple actions to do very complicated things. A program is a building of thought. It is costless to build, it is weightless, and it grows easily under our typing hands. But without care, a program's size and complexity will grow out of control, confusing even the person who created it. Keeping programs under control is the main problem of programming. When a program works, it is beautiful. The 2 art of programming is the skill of controlling complexity. The great program is subdued—made simple in its complexity. Some programmers believe that this complexity is best managed by using only a small set of well-understood techniques in their programs. They have composed strict rules ("best practices") prescribing the form programs should have and carefully stay within their safe little zone. This is not only boring, it is ineffective. New problems often require new solutions. The field of programming is young and still developing rapidly, and it is varied enough to have room for wildly different approaches. There are many terrible mistakes to make in program design, and you should go ahead and make them so that you understand them. A sense of what a good program looks like is developed in practice, not learned from a list of rules. Why language matters In the beginning, at the birth of computing, there were no programming languages. Programs looked something like this: 00110001 00000000 00000000 00110001 00000001 00000001 00110011 00000001 00000010 01010001 00001011 00000010 00100010 00000010 00001000 01000011 00000001 00000000 01000001 00000001 00000001 00010000 00000010 00000000 01100010 00000000 00000000 That is a program to add the numbers from 1 to 10 together and print out the result: 1 + 2 + ... + 10 = 55. It could run on a simple, hypothetical machine. To program early computers, it was necessary to set large arrays of switches in the right position or punch holes in strips of cardboard and feed them to the computer. You can probably imagine how tedious and error-prone this procedure was. Even writing simple programs required much cleverness and discipline. Complex ones were nearly inconceivable. Of course, manually entering these arcane patterns of bits (the ones and zeros) did give the programmer a profound sense of being a mighty wizard. And that has to be worth something in terms of job satisfaction. Each line of the previous program contains a single instruction. It could be written in English like this: 3 1. Store the number 0 in memory location 0. 2. Store the number 1 in memory location 1. 3. Store the value of memory location 1 in memory location 2. 4. Subtract the number 11 from the value in memory location 2. 5. If the value in memory location 2 is the number 0, continue with instruction 9. 6. Add the value of memory location 1 to memory location 0. 7. Add the number 1 to the value of memory location 1. 8. Continue with instruction 3. 9. Output the value of memory location 0. Although that is already more readable than the soup of bits, it is still rather obscure. Using names instead of numbers for the instructions and memory locations helps. Set "total" to 0. Set "count" to 1. Set "compare" to "count". Subtract 11 from "compare". If "compare" is zero, continue at . Add "count" to "total". Add 1 to "count". Continue at . Output "total". Can you see how the program works at this point? The first two lines give two memory locations their starting values: total will be used to build up the result of the computation, and count will keep track of the number that we are currently looking at. The lines using compare are probably the weirdest ones. The program wants to see whether count is equal to 11 to decide whether it can stop running. Because our hypothetical machine is rather primitive, it can only test whether a number is zero and make a decision based on that. So it uses the memory location labeled compare to compute the value of count - 11 and makes a decision based on that value. The next two lines add the value 4 of count to the result and increment count by 1 every time the program has decided that count is not 11 yet. Here is the same program in JavaScript: let total = 0, count = 1; while (count <= 10) { total += count; count += 1; } console.log(total); // → 55 This version gives us a few more improvements. Most important, there is no need to specify the way we want the program to jump back and forth anymore. The while construct takes care of that. It continues executing the block (wrapped in braces) below it as long as the condition it was given holds. That condition is count <= 10, which means "count is less than or equal to 10". We no longer have to create a temporary value and compare that to zero, which was just an uninteresting detail. Part of the power of programming languages is that they can take care of uninteresting details for us. At the end of the program, after the while construct has finished, the console .log operation is used to write out the result. Finally, here is what the program could look like if we happened to have the convenient operations range and sum available, which respectively create a collection of numbers within a range and compute the sum of a collection of numbers: console.log(sum(range(1, 10))); // → 55 The moral of this story is that the same program can be expressed in both long and short, unreadable and readable ways. The first version of the program was extremely obscure, whereas this last one is almost English: log the sum of the range of numbers from 1 to 10. (We will see in later chapters how to define operations like sum and range.) A good programming language helps the programmer by allowing them to talk about the actions that the computer has to perform on a higher level. It helps omit details, provides convenient building blocks (such as while and console.log), allows you to define your own building blocks (such as sum and range), and makes those blocks easy to compose.
posted by Isaac Hobart at 11:16 AM
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